The establishment and validation of the Chinese version of SARC-F scale for sarcopenia screening among elderly population: a multicenter study / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective:To establish the Chinese version of (strength, assistance with walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs and falls, SARC-F) scale using the standardized methods and to validate the reliability and validity for sarcopenia screening among elderly population.Methods:Following the recommended procedure by World Health Organization and European Union Geriatric Medicine Society Sarcopenia Special Interest Group, the translation process included forward translation, expert panel, back-translation, pre-testing and cognitive interviewing to generate the final version. In the pilot study, the test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency of the Chinese version of SARC-F scale were assessed. In the diagnostic test for clinical validation, the participants were consecutively recruited from communities and hospitals in Beijing and Tianjin between December 2021 and October 2022. The scale administration, anthropometry, and body composition measurement were conducted by trained investigators. Participants with the SARC-F score ≥ 4 were considered at risk of sarcopenia. Diagnostic tests and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed against the definitions of sarcopenia according to European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) and Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS2019), and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and the area under curve were displayed.Results:The Chinese version of SARC-F scale was approved by the author that the translation has expressed the original meaning correctly. The Chinese version of SARC-F had good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.914), inter-rater reliability ( r = 0.726), and internal consistency ( α = 0.729). There were altogether 1 882 participants included in the clinical validation. According to the diagnostic criteria of EWGSOP2 and AWGS2019, the Chinese version of SARC-F scale had low sensitivity (13.6% and 16.0%) and positive predictive value (44.6% and 35.4%), high specificity (95.1% and 94.7%) and negative predictive value (79.0% and 86.2%), and moderate AUC of 0.619 and 0.616 (all P < 0.001) for sarcopenia screening. Conclusions:The Chinese version of SARC-F scale was of good reliability and validity. The application of SARC-F in the primary healthcare settings would contribute to the early diagnosis of sarcopenia.

Effects of Backpack Types on Kinematics and Plantar Pressure in College Students During Stairs Walking / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze the influence of different backpack types and loads on kinematics and plantar pressure of college students during stair climbing, so as to provide references for choosing the appropriate backpack and carrying mode. Methods The Nokov infrared light point motion capture system and Podome plantar pressure system were used to analyze the differences in the range of motion ( ROM) of the trunk and lower limb joints, the kinematic parameters at the peak time, the peak pressure of each plantar partition, the contact time, the maximum pressure of the whole foot, the average pressure and the maximum contact area for 15 male college students during the support period of stair climbing. Results The 5% BW and 10% BW backpack loads reduced ROM of trunk rotation, increased ROM of ankle flexion/ extension and varus / valgus. The 10% BW backpack loads increased the peak pressure of the 1st and 3rd metatarsals bones and the maximum pressure of the whole foot ( P < 0. 05). Single-shoulder bag and handbag reduced ROM of trunk tilting and rotation, and increased ROM of ankle flexion and extension, hip flexion angle, peak pressure of foot arch and medial heel (P<0. 05). The double-shoulder bag loads increased peak pressure in the toe area (P<0. 05). Conclusions During walking on the stairs, the 5% BW and 10% BW backpack loads limited trunk rotation and increased ankle ROM. The 10% BW loads also increased the load in metatarsal area. The unilateral weight-bearing mode would make the trunk tilt to the unload side and rotate to the weight-bearing side. The pressure in toe area was higher when carrying double-shoulder bag, while single-shoulder bag and handbag mainly increased the pressure of arch foot and medial heel. It is suggested that college students choose symmetrical backpack scheme, and wisely allocate back weight to avoid the injury of foot area.

Immediate Effect Of Kinesio Taping V/S Mcconnell Taping In Patellofemoral Oa Knee Patients

Background: Patello-femoral joint osteoarthritis is very common and occurs due to loss of cartilage of patella and trocheal groove in approximately half of the patients diagnosed with Osteoarthritis knee. Taping can be used to reduce pain in knee osteoarthritis. Different types of taping are done on Osteoarthritis Knee patients to see their individual effect, but very few studies have been done to compare the effect of 2 different types of tape. AIM: To compare the immediate effects of Kinesio taping and McConnell taping on patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis knee patients. Objectives: To compare the effects of Kinesio taping and McConnell taping on Knee flexion and extension Range of motion, pain on Numerical rating scale during Squatting and Descending stairs in patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis patients Materials and methods: This was an Experimental Pre/Post study. Primary data collection was done using random sampling. 60 Patellofemoral Joint Osteoarthritis knee patients between 45-55 age group were selected and were divided into two groups- Group A-Kinesio Taping and Group B- McConnell Taping group containing 30 each. ThePre and Post Assessment of both the groups was done using Goniometer for Knee ROM and Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) for pain score during Squatting and Descending stairs. Results: The result of this study by Mann-whitney test showed that Kinesio taping has statistical significant increase in knee range of motion (flexion and extension)( p-value=0.0334). And statistical significant decrease in pain score on NRS during Squatting (p-value=0.0212) Conclusion: Kinesio taping has shown statistical significant increase in Knee Range of Motion, and statistical significant decrease in pain on Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) during Squatting, while no significant difference on Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) during descending stairs when compared to McConnell taping.

Presión arterial media: ¿importa el uso de escaleras? / Mean arterial pressure: does the use of stairs matter?

Objetivo: Determinar si el uso diario de escaleras se relaciona con valores de presión arterial media, en un grupo de habitantes de un conjunto residencial con edificios de 4 pisos. Materiales y métodos:Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se tomó la presión arterial a 125 sujetos sanos (50,4% mujeres) residentes en los 4 pisos de cada uno de los 4 edificios de un conjunto residencial. Se compararon los valores de presión arterial media según el piso de residencia mediante ANOVA de un factor y prueba de Bonferroni, y se estratificó el análisis según edad, sexo, obesidad, fumar, beber alcohol con frecuencia y actividad física. Resultados: Se encontró relación significativa (p<0,05) entre el promedio de presión arterial media y el piso de residencia, siendo marcadas las diferencias especialmente entre el piso uno y el cuatro (p<0,05). Se encontró significancia estadística (p<0,05) al estratificar los valores de presión arterial media según sexo masculino, obesidad abdominal y fumar. Conclusión: En los adultos sanos, participantes en el estudio, hubo un efecto benéfico en el uso diario de escaleras con respecto a los valores de presión arterial media.Palabras clave: Actividad física, presión arterial media, escaleras, obesidad, fumar

Objective:To determine if the daily use of stairs is related to values of mean arterial pressure, in a group of inhabitants of a residential complex with buildings of 4 floors.Materials and methods:Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Blood pressure was taken to 125 healthy subjects (50.4% women) living in the 4 floors of each of the 4 buildings of a residential complex. The values of mean arterial pressure were compared according to the residence floor by means of one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test, and the analysis was stratified according to age, sex, obesity, smoking, frequent alcohol drinking and physical activity.Results:A significant relationship was found (p <0.05) between the meanarterialpressure average and the residence floor, the differences being marked especially between floor one and four (p <0.05). Statistical significance was found (p <0.05) when stratifying mean arterialpressure values according to male sex, abdominal obesity and smoking.Conclusion: In healthy adults, participants in the study, there was a beneficial effect in the daily use of stairs with respect to the values of mean arterial pressure.

Acciones motivacionales para promover actividad física en la comunidad que asiste a un Hospital Universitario / Taking action for promoting physical activity in the community attending a university hospital

Introducción: el sedentarismo ha llegado para quedarse. Cualquier tipo de acción para combatirlo será de gran utilidad; solo bastará con conocer su eficacia y con que la gente se adhiera. Métodos: se ha realizado un estudio cuasi experimental antes-después no controlado, con 3 intervenciones aditivas sobre la población que concurre al Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Hospital Universitario). Se comparó la proporción de personas que usaban la escalera mecánica con aquellas que subían por la escalera convencional, antes y después de las siguientes intervenciones: con autoadhesivos que anunciaban las calorías perdidas al subir cada escalón, luego se agregaron carteles acerca del beneficio de hacer actividad física y, por último, se entregaron folletos sobre los beneficios de hacer actividad física. Resultados: se realizaron 39 967 observaciones. Cada intervención significó un aumento de personas que subían por la escalera convencional (P < 0,001). Con la intervención de los autoadhesivos se produjo un incremento del 2,39% frente al basal (11,07% - 8,68%, p=0,001) de personas que subieron por la escalera convencional. La intervención autoadhesivos + cartel aumentó 2,33% (13,4% -11,07%, p=0,001) y la intervención autoadhesivos + cartel + folletos produjo un aumento del 1,09% (14,49%-13,4%, p=0,03). Interpretación: en este estudio se midió cuál era el beneficio de las intervenciones para promover que más gente utilizara la escalera convencional; cada una de ellas proveyó una mayor cantidad de personas que, adoptando una actitud más activa, subieron por la escalera convencional. Medidas sencillas y económicas muestran un gran cambio en promover la actividad física. (AU)

Background: The sedentary lifestyle has become predominant in our society. Any measures taken to fight it are useful, it's just necessary to know their effectiveness and get people to stick with them. Methods: we performed a quasi-experimental pre-post study testing three persistent interventions on the population that attends a university hospital. Its main entrance allows the access to different areas through stairs, escalators or an elevator. We took baseline data on the number of people who took the escalator or the stairs. Then we performed progressive interventions designed to promote the use of the stairs. First, we used stickers placed on in each step that announced the amount of calories burned per step climbed. Then, we placed banners which informed the benefits of physical activity. Lastly, brochures were handed out with a list of benefits of doing physical activity. We quantified the number of people taking the stairs or the escalator with each intervention. Results: in eight weeks 39·967 observations were performed. Each intervention found an increase in the number of people that decided to take the stairs. At baseline, 880 people used the escalator and 9264 people took the stairs. With the first intervention, i.e. the use of stickers on the steps, there was an increase of 2·39% in the number of people that took the stairs compared to baseline data (from 8·68% to 11·07%, p=0.001). With the second intervention, i.e. stickers plus physical activity promotion banners, there was an additional increase of 2·33% (from 11·07% to 13·40%, p=0.001) in the proportion of people taking the stairs. Finally, the intervention of stickers in addition to the banners and brochures about benefits of physical activity, was associated with an increase of 1·09% (from 13·40% to 14·49%, p=0.03). Discussion: in this study we aimed to measure the benefits of multiple interventions to promote physical activity in a university hospital setting. Each intervention was associated with a larger number of people that decided to take the stairs instead of taking the escalator or the elevator. The interventions were simple, cheap and very effective to promote change independently from gender, age or health conditions. (AU)

Kinetic analysis of floor-to-stair transition gait of elderly with different functional levels / Analise cinetica da marcha de idosos com diferentes niveis de funcionalidade na transicao entre o terreno plano e a escada

Climbing stairs represents a difficult and dangerous task for the elderly, and its performance depends on the functional ability level of the subject. The aim of this study was to compare the kinetic parameters of the floor-to-stair transition gait of elderly with different levels of functionality. The sample comprised 34 subjects, divided into two groups through Cluster techniques according to the results of functional tests (Timed Up & Go and sit-to-stand test), with G1 being the group with lower functionality (n=13, 72.61 ± 0.28 years) and G2 the group with greater functionality (n=21, 69.14 ± 4.96 years). Ground reaction force (GRF) data was captured with one AMTI force plate at a frequency of 1000 Hz, placed over the first step of a stairs with 4 steps (17.5 cm high x 29 cm wide and 31° slope). Descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis (p≤0.05). G2 presented higher vertical GRF and lower support time in the ascending phase (p≤0.05). There were practically no differences in GRF values between groups in the descending phase. Based on these findings, we concluded that GRFs are influenced by subject's functional ability level and can influence the risk of falls during stair ascent.

Transpor escadas representa uma tarefa difícil e perigosa para os idosos e apresenta alto risco de quedas. O nível de funcionalidade do idoso é um fator determinante para sua independência e segurança na transposição de terrenos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os parâmetros cinéticos da marcha de idosos com diferentes níveis de funcionalidade na transição entre o terreno plano e a escada na subida e na descida. Participaram do estudo 34 idosos, divididos em dois grupos pela técnica de Cluster de acordo com os resultados obtidos nos testes funcionais aplicados (Timed Up & Go e Teste de sentar e levantar), sendo o G1 o grupo com menor funcionalidade (n=13, 72.61 ± 0.28 anos) e o G2 o grupo com maior funcionalidade (n=21, 69.14 ± 4.96 anos). A captura de dados de força de reação do solo (FRS) foi feita através de uma plataforma de força AMTI a 1000 Hz, acoplada no primeiro degrau de uma escada com 4 degraus (17,5 cm altura x 29 cm largura e 31° de inclinação). Para análise dos resultados, utilizaram-se a estatística descritiva e o teste de Mann-Whitney (p≤0.05). Na subida, maiores forças verticais e menor tempo de apoio foram encontrados no G2 (p≤0.05). Os grupos praticamente não revelaram diferenças nas aplicações de força no solo na descida da escada. Baseado nos resultados encontrados, é possível concluir que as FRS são influenciadas pelo nível de funcionalidade do idoso na subida da escada.

Measurement and analysis of the joint angle in lower limb during stair ascent / 医用生物力学

Objective To obtain the statistical data from the range of motion in lower limb of the Chinese people during their stair ascent so as to provide references for the design of artificial joints with large range flexion. Methods Common staircase as an experimental device was designed, and motion capture system（Optotrak Certus, NDI）and 3D force plate（AMTI, Bertec）were used to establish a systematic method to measure the lower limb motion from 40 subjects during stair ascent. Results The variation of joint angle and range of motion in hip, knee and ankle joints for the 40 subjects in different directions within one cycle were obtained and calculated. The range of motion in hip, knee and ankle joints at the sagittal plane were -1.6°~66.7°, 0°~91.4°,-20.8°~22.4°, respectively. Conclusions During the movement of stair ascent, the range of motion at the sagittal plane in hip, knee and ankle joints reached the maximum, with the most flexion in hip and knee. Compared with the movement during walking and jogging on flat road, the range of motion in joints both in hip and knee at the sagittal plane were larger during stair ascent.

Associação entre ambiente construído em prédios públicos, características dos usuários e uso de escadas / Association between built environment in public buildings, users characteristics and stairs use

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a associação entre as características dos usuários de prédios públicos e do ambiente construído na freqüência de utilização de escadas. Foram observados usuários (n=893) de dois edifícios de uma Universidade Pública. O prédio A possuía escadas de fácil acesso, amplas, bem iluminadas e decoradas com obras de arte e o prédio B características opostas. Foram registrados: a) gênero; b) transporte de carga; c) tipo de silhueta e d) uso de elevador ou escada. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados os testes de Qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade e para tendência, com o programa SPSS 11. A maior parte dos usuários (61,6%) utilizava escadas como principal via de acesso. No entanto, verificou-se menor uso de escadas no prédio B (53,4%) comparado ao prédio A (67,3%). No prédio B foi observada uma tendência (x2=8,1; p=0,015) de aumento no uso de escadas entre os homens que transportam cargas médias/pesadas (66,7%) quando comparados aos que transportam cargas leves (61,1%) e aqueles que não transportam cargas (46,1%). Entre as mulheres houve uma tendência (x2=3,7; p=0,05) de maior uso de escadas entre aquelas com silhueta normal (62,9%) quando comparadas àquelas de silhueta leve (47,6%) e pesada (34,5%). Estes resultados reforçam estudos similares que apontam para a necessidade de oferta de escadas com características arquitetônicas e estéticas que incentivem a sua utilização.

The goal of this study was to analyze the association between personal attributes and environmental characteristics of the stairs, with its use in two public buildings. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between users characteristics and built environment with stairs use frequency in public buildings. A total of 893 observations of people going upstairs were performed in building A (easy access, well illuminated, wide stairs, with paintings on the walls), and building B (plain, not well illuminated stairs, naked walls). Individual characteristics included the use of stairs or elevator, gender, body size (thin, average, over weight), movement difficulties, and the presence of light or heavy load. Data analyses included Chi-square tests for heterogeneity and trend, using the SPSS-11. The majority of the subjects in both buildings preferred the stairs (61,6%), with greater proportion (px0.05) being observed for Building A (67.3%) in comparison to Building B (53.4%). A tendency (x2=8,1; p=0,015) to increase stairs use was observed among men carrying medium/heavy loads (66,7%) compared with those carrying light (61,1%) and without load (46,1%). Among women there was a tendency (x2=3,7; p=0,05) of higher stairs use among those regular body shape (62,9%) compared with light (47,5%) and heavy loads (34,5%). These results confirm the assumption that well designed, attractive stairs may increase the proportion of individuals that use it to go up a few stores.

Comparison of two "up and down stairs" methods used by hemiplegic patients / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo evaluate two "up and down stair" methods used by hemiplegic patients.Methods40 cases with hemiplegia were randomly divided into two groups with 20 cases in each group. Patients in the group A went upstairs with health leg and downstairs with affected leg, while, patients in the group B upstairs with affected leg, downstairs with health leg, and then up and down stairs with health and affected leg alternated. Effects of two training menthods were compared.ResultsEach of two training methods had its advantage and disadvantage, but motor function and mobile ability of patients in the group B were better than patients in the group A (P<0.05).ConclusionHemiplegic patients Should choose different training method of up and down stairs according to his status, and not always choose the method of going upstairs with health leg and downstairs with affected leg.

不同上下台阶方式的能量消耗分析 / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo study energy consumption in different patterns of ascending and descending the stairs.Methods10 healthy individuals (with an average age of 32.2) were examined with four patterns of ascending and descending the stairs. They were common pattern (one step on one stair step, and the next step on the next stair step), side-pattern (side-stepping), oblique pattern (subject will ascend/descend at 45° angle), and two-step-one stair pattern (subjects will walk one step at a time in single stair step before proceeding to the next stair step). Meantime, SaO2, heart rate, respiration rate, and ventilation rate were measured.ResultsDuring investigation it was found out that SaO2 and heart rate with normal pattern was the highest. No difference was noticed in SaO2 between side-pattern, oblique pattern,and two-step-one stair pattern. Heart rate with two-step-one stair pattern was found to be the lowest.Conclusion Two-step-one stair pattern and oblique pattern were suitable for aged and handicapped persons.

Stress in the Lower Extremities Due to Walking Stairs One Step at a Time / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences between walking stairs one step at a time versus using alternating feet by evaluating muscle tensions and joint forces. This quantitative basic knowledge will be useful in setting safe guidelines for stair walking in rehabilitation programs. Five healthy young males participated as subjects. Ascending and descending motions were measured by utilizing a 3 D motion analysis system, a force platform and an EMG telemetry system. Measurements were made for three conditions : 1) Both limbs during alternating feet walking (normal stair walking : NW), 2) The leading limb (LL) and 3) The trailing limb (TL) when walking stairs one step at a time. Moments of force on the joints, muscle tensions and joint forces were calcu-lated using two mathematical models (the link segment and musculoskeletal models, Yamazaki (1992) ) . When ascending, maximum flexion angles of three joints in the TL were smaller than during NW. Also, quadriceps tension in the TL and soleus tension in the LL were smaller than during NW. Except for joint force, which was directed toward the anterior of the tibia, knee joint forces in the TL were smaller than during NW. When descending, maximum flexion angles of the three joints of the LL were smaller than during NW. The quadriceps tension and the soleus tension in the LL were smaller than during NW. Knee joint forces in the LL were smaller than during NW. The results suggested that : 1) When ascending, if a patient has a failure in the system of knee extension, the unaffected side should be made the LL and the affected side the TL. Also, if there is a failure in the system of plantar flexion, the unaffected side should be the TL and the affected side the LL. 2) When descending, if there is a failure in one limb, the unaffected side should be the TL and the affected side the LL.

Component elements of daily walking activities among the residents of a care-house for female aged people / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to clarify various components of walking activities among the high aged people, in relation with physique and heart rates at rest and post exercise recovery period. Subjects are 53 female residents of a care house in Hyogo Prefecture, whose average age being 78.9±0.9 years were tested in various parameters that are relevant to the study, such as height, weight, BMI, resting heart rate, total amount of weekly walking steps (recorded twice, i, e., in September and in October), walking velocity, walking stride, time length for climbing 15 step stairs and self-rate health. the major findings are summarized as follows<BR>(1) Various physical functions that are related to daily activities and therefore related to muscular strength and neuromuscular coordination, were found to decrease significantly upon aging, such as walking velocity and time length for climbing stairs.<BR>(2) The result of multiple correlation regression analysis, taking total amount of weekly walking steps with self-rated health, time length spent for 15 steps of climbing stairs and age were existent.<BR>(3) Walking velocity, walking steps size and stair climbing velocity of good walkers (upper 25% in total amount of weekly walking steps) and it was found that the good walkers walked faster with greater steps size and climbed the stairs faster than the less walking subjects.<BR>(4) The total amount of daily walking steps of various days of the week were compared each other and it was found that the good walkers recorded significantly less amount of walking steps on Thursday than others days. the fact that a large scale shopping center which is located near by the care-house closes on Thursday every week suggests that the amount of walking steps are influenced by social factors, such as shopping behavior.<BR>(5) In terms of the going out behavior outside of care-house, visiting the large scale shopping center (40% of subjects), and hospitals and alike (25%) were recognized. The results suggest that there are certain common elements in the motivation and behavior of out-of- care-house activities.<BR>The above results suggest that the study of walking behavior of the high aged people would be extremely variable not only in assessing the fitness level and physical function of the residents, but also in possible evaluation of efficiencies of the care-house location.